Quantum Matter "Beyond The Point Particle - A Wave Structure For The Electron" Part III

SECTION IV - APPLICATIONS OF THE SPACE RESONANCE ELECTRON

The structure of the SR leads to new applications that solve puzzles of physics and cosmology. 

The examples below are  important applications.

A.  Properties of a Moving Space Resonance.

Quantum mechanics and special relativity seem unrelated, but they have one feature in common:  Both laws depend on the relative velocity between two particles.  Therefore, we should investigate the interaction of two space resonances in relative motion.  One SR may be thought of as a source interacting with the other SR, as an absorber or observer.

Consider two SRs moving with relative velocity b = v/c.  Each receives the same Doppler shifted waves from the other.  They are symmetrical.  Their IN waves are red-shifted and their OUT waves are blue-shifted according to the  usual Doppler factors, g(1+b) and g(1-b) which shift frequency and wavelength. The received amplitude of each SR is the sum of Doppler-shifted IN and OUT waves  which reduces to,  

AMP = shifted {AMPIN + AMPOUT } =  (2/r) eikg(ct + br)   sin[kg(bct + r)]                       (8)

Equation (8) is composed of an exponential carrier wave modulated by a sine function.  

The  relativistic term, g = [1- (v/c)2]-1/2 , occurs properly  to match experimental observation. It is a result of the  Doppler effect on the combined IN and OUT waves. These matching results are:

The parameters of the exponential oscillator are : 

wavelength = h/gmv = deBroglie wavelength, L.  frequency  = kgc/(2 pi) = gmc2/h = mass-energy  frequency.  velocity    =  c/b  = phase velocity.

The  parameters of the sine function are : 

wavelength  = h/gmc  =  Compton wavelength.  frequency  =  gmc2 b/h  =  b x (mass frequency) =  "momentum  frequency".  velocity = bc = v = relative velocity of the  two resonances.

The above matching results are remarkable!   They clearly show the origin of mass increase and quantum mechanics in the wave structure of matter. It is instructive to compare Equation (8) for moving electrons with Equation (2) for a stationary electron.  They are of the same form but (8) contains the velocity b = v/c and the related quantum and relativistic properties  for moving particles.

Origin of Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity.    

Both moving resonances see the other with its momentum and mass (rest frequency) increased by

the  factor g = [1- (v/c)2]-1/2.  This predicts the observed relativistic mass increase of particles moving relative to a lab.   Each electron also receives a QM deBroglie wavelength L=h/p from the other. This  is the original experimental basis of quantum theory.  We conclude that quantum theory and the mass increase of special relativity are a fundamental property of the space resonance, symmetrically dependent on both  the IN and OUT waves.

B.   A Single Value of Charge.

Combine the Equation of the Cosmos (5) with the classical electron radius ro = e2/mc2. 

Eliminate roand obtain e2 =  mc2 R/SQRT{3N}.  This shows that the charge e2 is dependent on the total of all N particles.  We also recall that charge always occurs in natural laws as e2 , never as e alone.  Thus, charge is a property of space and total matter, not of particles, and there is only one value of charge in nature e2 .  Conservation of charge  follows from the anti-symmetrical structures of the SR and anti-SR described in Section III  above.

C.   Forces depend on the Structure of Space.

Understanding energy exchanges enables us to understand the origin of forces.  In general, force = dE/dr where dE is the energy exchanged between resonances.  For an electron, the potential is proportional to AMP.  The energy changes depend on the variation of force along the distance dr between them.  For example, the dominant force in the universe is the electric force between charges which varies as 1/r2 , the geometric property of distance in 3D space.

Inertia. 

Below  in section IVD, it is shown that a tiny  inhomogeneity of space perturbs  the  enormous charge force and thereby produces the inertial force law , which is =1040 times smaller than charge force.  Space becomes inhomogeneous  where a particle is accelerated (F=ma). In this situation the Minimum Amplitude Principle (MAP) compensates the inhomogeneity with amplitude-minimizing energy exchanges that cause forces and movement.  These compensations first occur in the local space, with an immediate local energy exchange to the space waves.  The energy exchanged and force appear like action at a distance, unlike the charge (photon) exchanges which propagate at velocity c.   Thus Newton's original statement of inertia and gravity force is upheld.

Other types of space inhomogeneities also appear as force laws including Mach's Principle, gravity, and magnetism, which are discussed in IIIE and IIIF.  Rotation, angular momentum, spin and the Dirac Equation are discussed in References [8, 9, 11].

D.   The Origin of Inertial Forces.

The force of inertia on an accelerated electron is a perturbation of the electric force produced by changes of wavelength caused by the acceleration.  The energy exchange takes place directly between the accelerated resonance and other waves in space.   Recoil force is eventually transmitted to other masses of the universe via their space waves.

To analyze this,  examine the IN/OUT wavelength change from acceleration and calculate the forces caused by acceleration relative to the masses of the universe.  This change disturbs the local balance with waves from other matter in the universe.  The MAP corrects the imbalance by readjusting frequencies of the accelerated resonance:   

To calculate this perturbation,  use a force on the accelerated mass analogous to force on  an accelerated charge (radiation damping) : 

electric Force = e' x E   (E = electric field)

In analogy, mass Force = m' x M    (M = mass field)       (9)

The E field of an accelerated charge e is computed from the magnetic vector potential A. 

That is,

electric field = E  =dA/dt = (e) (acceleration) / (4pi eo c 2 r)                  (10)

For the analogous particle m, assume an analogous mass field derived from an analogous vector potential,

mass field  = M  = (m)(acceleration) (G) / (c2 r)                                      (11)

Following the analogy, the gravity constant G has replaced the electric constant  1/4pi eo. 

To find the force on the masses m',  set m' equal to the mass of the universe  (This produces Mach's Principle):

m' = (du)(volume) =  du (4/3) pi R3                                                           (12)

where du = mass density of the universe. 

Choose the average distance R of m' as half the Hubble Sphere radius,  R = c/2H. 

The force between the particle m and masses m' becomes         

Force  =  (m')(Mass field)  =   du  4/3 pi (c/H)3 (m a G) /[c2r] = {(8pi Gdu) /3H2} ma    (13)                                                                                           

Now if we choose du equal to the critical density of the universe, a flat universe in general relativity,

then  du= dc = 3H2 /8piG.  We can insert it into Eqn (13).  Then the factor in braces {  }  becomes one and the  remainder is Newton's Law of inertia: F=ma .   This result confirms that inertial force is a perturbation of electric force, that inertial mass is equivalent to  gravitational mass as experimentally observed  and predicts a flat universe.

E.  The origin of Gravity Forces.

The force of gravity can also be tfound as a perturbation of charge force.  MAP seeks an energy exchange (-->force) between a given mass and the waves of other nearby masses that will balance the observed perturbed (changing) properties of space described by the Hubble constant.  Wolff [8] obtains the ratio of the electric to gravity force:

electric/gravity force  =  Fe/Fg   =  mc2/hH  = 5.8 x 1039                                           (14)

Compare this with the measured ratio = e2/(4pi eoGmemp) = 2.3 x 1039.  They agree within Hubble constant error.

One can regard this perturbation as an induction of a gravity force  by the changing space property.   It is analogous to the induction of an electric field  by a changing current.   Like Lenz's law,  the force opposes the  change.

F.   The Origin of Magnetic Forces.

Magnetic forces can be regarded as a perturbation of electric charge forces where the perturbing element is the relative velocity (v/c)2 between twocharges.   This little known result was found about the year 1910.  Lorrain and Corson [12] use it to derive the magnetic force equation beginning with Coulomb's law and special relativity, with the result:

F =  = q (v  X B)

where special relativity creates the coss product, q is the current producing charge with relative velocity v, and B is the magnetic field.

G.  Parameters  of the Electron Depend on the Parameters of the Universe.

Equation (5), the Equation of the Cosmos, provides an important numerical relation between the cosmological dimensions R and N of the Universe and the radius roof the electron, the big and the small.  Remarkably, it describes how all the mass of the universe acts together to create the "charge" and mass of each electron as a property of space.

To see how the electron mass depends on other matter, combine Equation (5) with the Compton wavelength

ro = rc = h/mc. 

Eliminate ro to obtain:

mc2 = hc /SQRT{N/R}               (15)

Again, confirming our logical deduction, we see that the electron mass like the charge is a property of the universe, that is the total particles N and its size R.

H.   The Puzzle of the EPR Effect.

The well-known but mysterious EPR effect [13, 14] is an fascinating example of particle-to-particle communication. Section II (C) above pointed out that two-way communication between particles was a fundamental requirement for the existence of natural laws and we have seen how the IN and OUT waves provide the means for this two-way communication.    

This is what happens in EPR:

Ordinarily we observe communication as two energy-exchange events:  an energy shift at a source particle and later an absorbtion event at a receiver particle.  We calculate the message velocity  (c ) using the time between the events.  We used to think of this as a moving photon but this leads to confusion. The correct picture uses the IN-OUT waves traveling  at space-wave velocity c.

Before two potential partners can undergo those energy shifts, the IN/OUT waves must exchange information (boundary conditions) of their respective particle energy states so that energy exchanges can take place in a way that minimizes wave amplitudes  in accordance with the MAP (Assumption III) .   If minimization is not possible no exchange can take place.   Is this respect, the Minimum Amplitude Principle  is  similar to other physics principles such as the Principle of Least Action,   and "Energy flows down-hill". It underlies them.

These prior information exchanges do not produce energy changes visible to us. The mysterious EPR experiments use two separated photo-detectors  which appear to have instantaneous knowlege of each other's state of polarization.   We are not aware of the prior information exchanges because they are hidden from our laboratory instruments since they are not energy shifts but are carried by the IN-OUT quantum waves.  

After we understand the role of the  quantum waves we recognize that  Nature is a puppet-master who allows us to see the puppets but not the quantum wave ensemble behind the curtain.   Several  variations of the EPR effect have been found and Greenberger et al [15]  describe a general method of calculation.

SECTION V  -   CONCLUSIONS

Space underlies physical laws.  

The most extraordinary conclusion of the space resonance electron structure is that the laws of physics and the structure of matter ultimately depend upon the properties of space determined by the matter itself.    Matter in the universe is inter-dependent.  Every particle communicates its quantum-wave state with other matter so that energy exchange and the laws of physics are properties of the entire ensemble of matter.  Mach's Principle is a law conspicuously displaying this particle inter-dependence.

Two Worlds  within  our  Universe.  

The work of this paper shows that there are two real and parallel 'worlds' partaking in the physical behavior of matter.  One world is our familiar 3D environment, governed by the natural laws and observed by us using our five senses and their extensions as laboratory instruments.  Its attributes are familiar material objects, events, and forces between objects, plus the related energy exchanges which enable us to observe the objects and form mental images of them.  This world can be termed the World of Energy-exchange  since energy-exchange is the unique attribute which allows us to observe this world.

A second World of Scalar Waves  forms the structure of the basic particles, electron, protons, and neutrons which compose the material objects and the space(ether) of our world of energy-exchange.  These waves in space are unseen by us.  We only know of their existence when an energy (frequency) exchange occurs to stimulate our senses. Nevertheless this unseen scalar wave world is basic and determines the real action  in both worlds.  The waves obey the rules of superposition and interference and are governed by Assumptions I, II, and III.

The behavior of the particles (space resonances) in their interactions is largely due to their oscillating scalar waves which reveal their behavior to us via the rules of quantum mechanics and relativity.  These waves (inward and outward) fulfill the requirements of matter inter-dependence discussed in Sections III and IV above.

One role of the scalar waves is inter-particle information exchange  of their quantum states. This is usually unseen in our world but it is conspicuous in the mysterious EPR effect (Einstein et al, 1935).  Information must be exchanged  because partners of a future energy exchange cannot act until they have "knowledge" of each other's state.  This is necessary so that the MAP (Assumption III) can determine whether an exchange will minimize net wave amplitudes. These information exchanges are usually hidden from our laboratory instruments because they are not energy shifts.  Nature is a puppetmaster who allows us to see the puppets but not the orchestration behind the curtain.   Another role of the waves is as a universal cosmic clock  which Galeczki [1] has pointed out is a requirement behind Newton's laws.   The clock is the fixed frequency of the IN and OUT waves pervading the universe.

Relation to Special Relativity.   

The  relativistic law obtained from analyzing the movement of two SRs  in Section IVA is the well-confirmed mass increase of  moving matter.  But the controversial time-space contractions are not predicted.  An explanation outside the scope of this article predicts that the speed of an energy transition  is equal to the speed of the  IN wave to the receiver.  This wave always moves in the frame of the receiver at a constant velocity c.  This is observed  but does not imply contraction of space or time.

Some Other Predictions  already  verified :

 1. The space resonance theory predicts and shows the origin of the natural laws: QM and relativistic mass-increase, the conservation of energy, charge, and momentum; and the forces of charge, inertia and magnetism. 

2. The lifetimes of atomic and nuclear decays are not constants as once thought but depend on their quantum-wave states and the distance between partners of the energy exchange.  Such variable lifetime atomic decays have been investigated by Walther et al [16] and Greenberger et al [15]. 

3.  Inertial and gravity forces are predicted to be of the action-at-a-distance type as originally stated by Newton.  This agrees with action-at-a-distance gravity as recognized by astronomers to account for planetary  motions.  Lorrain & Corson [12] and Graneau  [17, 18]  verify action-at-a-distance  for  magnetism confirming the SR electron but not conventional older physics.

REFERENCES.

[1] Galeczki, G. 1994, Physical Laws and the Special Theory of Rerlativity, Apeiron 20, 26-31. 

[2] H. A. Lorentz,  Theory of Electrons, Leipzig (1909), Dover Books 1952. 

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[4] W. Moore, Life  of  Schroedinger ,  p327, Cambridge U.  Press  (1989). 

[5] J. Wheeler  and R. Feynman, "Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys.  17, 157  (1945). 

[6] T. Phipps,  Found. Phys. 6, 71-82, (1976). 

[7] M. Wolff, "Microphysics, Fundamental Laws and Cosmology", Proc  1st Int'l  Sakharov Conf Phys., Moscow,  May 21-31, 1990,  pp1131-1150. Nova Sci. Publ., NY. 

[8] M. Wolff,  "Fundamental Laws, Microphysics and Cosmology" Physics Essays  6, 181-203 (1993). 

[9] M. Wolff, Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe,  ISBN 0-9627787-0-2, Technotran Press (1990). 

[10] E. Mach,  (German, 1883),  English: The Science of Mechanics ,  London  (1893). 

[11]  E. Batty-Pratt, and T. Racey, "Geometric Model for Fundamental Particles", Intl. J. Theor. Phys. 19, 437-475 (1980). 

[12] P. Lorrain and D. Corson, Electromagnetic  Fields  and  Waves,  pp 273-6  (1970). 

[13] A. Einstein,  B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777  (1935). 

[14] A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Rogers, Phys. Rev. Ltrs. 49, 1804  (1982). 

[15] D. Greenberger,  M. Horne, and A. Zeilinger,  Physics Today,  22-29, June 1993. 

[16]  H. Walther, Charles Townes award, CLEO/IQEC meeting, Anaheim, CA., May  (1990). 

[17]  P. Graneau, J. Physics D: Appl. Phys., 20, 391-393 (1987). 

[18]  P. Graneau,  "Interconnecting Action-at-a-Distance",  Physics Essays  4, 340  (1990).